This book combines the two elements of “play” and “work,” which are no longer opposite activities. The book states that “play theories” should engage with the analysis of labor on which Marx centered his critique of politics and economy; and “labor theories” should elucidate shifts in capitalism and focus on subjectivity. Following the structure of the Internet as Playground and Factory conference, this book is arranged in four parts. The first two parts examine the structural shifts in labor markets as a result of digitalization. The third and fourth parts investigate issues of exploitation and address emerging scenarios and peer-to-peer alternatives.